Brooke

The Big House - Largest football stadium in America

Film Camera

35mm Film

The diaphragm, or aperture, is a part of the camera that adjusts the amount of light entering into a frame

Walker Evans - Brooklyn Bridge 

The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge was completed in 1883 and was considered an engineering masterpiece, becoming the longest suspension bridge in the World. Walker Evans took a series of photographs of the Brooklyn Bridge. As an architecture enthusiast, I find that Walker Evans effectively presents the the importance of the Brooklyn Bridge as a symbol of not only modern American technology but also of creating an everlasting link between the Manhattan and Brooklyn boroughs. Living in the New York Tri-State Area my entire life, I truly understand the significance of this bridge and I believe that Evans captures it perfectly. 

Depth of field is the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image 

Haifa Baha'i Gardens - Taken May 2012 with a digital camera

Leonard Freed - The March on Washington August 28, 1963

Shutter Speed - the effective length of time a camera's shutter is open. The total exposure is proportional to this exposure time, or duration of light reaching the film or image sensor 

Boston - Taken August 2011 with a digital camera 

Bruce Davidson - The Verrazano Bridge 1963

Part I. Technical Review   (40 points)

Suppose your camera has the following settings:

aperture f1.8  f2.8  f4  f5.6  f8  f11  f16  f22

shutter    B  1   2   4    8   15   30  60  125  250  500   1000

(It is a manual slr film camera with a 50mm 1:1.8 lens.)

1. Which f-stop allows the most light in? f1.8
2. Which allows the least? f22
3. Which will give the most depth of field? f22
4. What does depth-of-field mean? the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image 

5. Where is the aperture diaphragm  located? behind the lens
6. How is aperture measured? ratio of focal length to aperture diameter
7. Which f-stop allows half the amount of light as f5.6? f8

5. Which allows twice the light as f5.6? f4
6. What does focal length refer to? focal length equals image distance for a far subject
7. Besides aperture, what is another factor that affects depth of field? focal length of the lens0
8. Where is the depth of field scale located (on a traditional slr)? behind the lens 
9. What is the shutter and what does it control? a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time.  controls the length of time a picture is exposed

13. How is shutter speed measured?  it is measured in seconds (or fraction of seconds) 
14. Where is the shutter located? behind the lens
15. What kind of shutter speed is needed in low light conditions? slow shutter speed
16.  What does “B” refer to? It means "bulb", and is a shutter speed setting that will allow you to keep open the shutter by depressing the release and holding it down
17. What is the safest slow shutter speed without a tripod? 60
18. Which ss allows twice as much light as “60”(1/60)? 30
19. Which allows half as much light as “60”? 125
20. (4 points) On a given day, your camera gives you a correct reading of f4  at 250.  What other configurations would give you the same amount of light and a greater depth of field? (list four ways). f5.6 at 125, f8 at 60, f11 at 30, f16 at 15 

21. Which would give you the same amount (as above) of light and allow you to create a blurredpicture of a speeding car? f22 at 8 

22. Which shutter speed  would give you the same amount of light (as above, question 20) at  f2.8? 500

23. On a shadowy area with a bright sky,  how would you insure a correct exposure of a subject in shadow? f8 at 250. put the aperture a step or two higher than the light indicator suggests

24. (4 p)Which is a better setting, f4 at 1/60, or  f 16 at 1/4 ? Say why. f4 at 60 because the shutter speed is faster, the picture cannot get blurry 

25. What does ISO refer to? the light sensitivity of the film 
26. What is a fast film and when should it be used? a high speed film that is more sensitive to light 

27. What is the major problem with fast films? it might allow in too much light 

28. What are the three chemical steps used in printing a photograph? first put it in the developer, then in the water, and finally in the fixer 

29. List two (2 p) ways exposure is controlled in the darkroom. how much time you expose it to in the enlarger and the amount of time it is left in the developer 

30. How is contrast manipulated in the darkroom? through the filter that you use 

Natural light on a cloudy day during sunset or sunrise, somewhat normal lens, perhaps a weak telephoto lens because the perspective is flat, could be a swift lens, black and white with low ISO film because there is little grain two-third proportion, probably 35 mm, probably taken with a tripod 

Normal lens or weak wide angle, large size camera because it is four-third proportion, decently big depth of field, perfectly straight so a tripod was probably used 

High contrast, the picture looks flat in the background, large size camera probably, 

Normal lens, maybe somewhat wide angle, natural lighting

Normal lens, maybe natural lighting

  Normal lens, small depth of field 

wide angle lens, large depth of field 

natural lighting

Final Exam 

Photographer: Jeff Wall 

Born in 1946, Jeff Wall is a versatile Canadian artists best known for his cinematographic style. In particular, he captures large-scale photographs of contemporary everyday scenes. One aspect that differentiates him is his background in art history from the University of British Columbia 

The film camera: 8 x 10 view camera - able to make these pictures really, really big 

Natural light, normal lens, larger aperture with a faster shutter speed (500/8?), large depth of field - everything is in focus   

Normal lens, artificial lighting, person was probably still when photo was taken, large depth of field, larger aperture with a faster shutter speed because everything is in focus  

Natural lighting, normal lens, maybe a weak wide angle lens, large depth of field, aperture perhaps 16 and shutter speed 250 

Natural lighting, small depth of field, normal lens maybe weak telephoto lens, people were probably standing still when the photo was taken, possible aperture 16 and shutter speed 250  

All photos appear a little grainy, maybe a higher ISO for the film? 

Structure of Film

• Film is made up of layers and it is the varying combinations of these layers that create different kinds of film
• The first layer is known as the film base
• this layer must be transparent
• cellulose acetates or polyester are usually used for the base
• The layer on top of the film base is the Emulsion layer 
• photographic part of the film
• emulsion layers can contain the dyes for different colors 
• Need subbing layer between the film base and emulsion layer to work as adhesive 
• The top layer of the film is the supercoat 
• a thin layer of gelatin to protect the emulsion from scratches 

The Chemicals

• Developer 
• sodium sulfite solution
• changes the silver from the ultraviolet layer to turn dark 
• darker = more light received 
• Stop Bath
• acetic acid
• stops the reaction between the developer and the emulsion 
• Fixer
• sodium thiosulfate, aluminum dodecahydrate 
• removes the remaining silver
• negative is no longer sensitive to light 

The Print with the Multigrade System

• Aperture Setting of the Enlarger
• More open aperture = darker print 
• For a test strip set the aperture two stops up