Afghan Girl (1984). This picture of a twelve-year-old student at a refugee camp was taken by Steve McCurry, a photographer for the National Geographic. It is rare for photographers to have the ability to photograph Afghan women due to their cultural standards. This picture is important to me because her piercing stare gives insight into a group that is typically kept silent.
An open diaphragm: a mechanical deviance in a camera that controls the size of aperture of the lens (The Free Dictionary)
The Big House: The University of Michigan football stadium
Reflex camera
Depth of field: the range of distance that appears acceptably sharp
This photo was taken by Micha Bar Am at the Yad Vashem Memorial in 1981.
This photo was taken on a digital camera in Santorini, Greece in 2010.
Shutter speed: the effective length of time a camera's shutter is open; the total exposure is proportional to this exposure time
This picture was taken on a digital camera at Treblinka in Poland during spring 2010.
Stuart Franklin. England, 2002
Stuart Franklin. Malaysia, 1997
Stuart Franklin. Mexico, 1990
Stuart Franklin. England, 2002
Stuart Franklin. Malaysia, 1997
Stuart Franklin. England, 1986
Stuart Franklin. Mexico, 1990
Stuart Franklin. USA, 1988
Stuart Franklin. Mexico, 1990
Wayne Miller. USA, 1958
I took this photo with a digital camera in Copenhagen, Denmark two weeks ago.
Midterm Exam
Midterm Exam
Part I. Technical Review (40 points)
Suppose your camera has the following settings:
aperture f1.8 f2.8 f4 f5.6 f8 f11 f16 f22
shutter B 1 2 4 8 15 30 60 125 250 500 1000
(It is a manual slr film camera with a 50mm 1:1.8 lens.)
- Which f-stop allows the most light in?
f1. 8
- Which allows the least?
f22
- Which will give the most depth of field?
f22
- What does depth-of-field mean?
The range of distance that appears acceptably sharp
- Where is the aperture diaphragm located?
Right behind the lens
- How is aperture measured?
Aperture is measured using F stops. The higher the F stop, the smaller the aperture.
- Which f-stop allows half the amount of light as f5.6?
f11
- Which allows twice the light as f5.6?
f2.8
- What does focal length refer to?
The distance from the lens to the film
- Besides aperture, what is another factor that affects depth of field?
Shutter speed
- Where is the depth of field scale located (on a traditional slr)?
On the aperture
- What is the shutter and what does it control?
The shutter controls the shutter speed
- How is shutter speed measured?
Shutter speed is measured in seconds
- Where is the shutter located?
behind the lens
- What kind of shutter speed is needed in low light conditions?
Slow shutter speed
- What does “B” refer to?
bulb - as in light bulb
- What is the safest slow shutter speed without a tripod?
60
- Which ss allows twice as much light as “60”(1/60)?
30
- Which allows half as much light as “60”?
120
- (4 points) On a given day, your camera gives you a correct reading of f4 at 250. What other configurations would give you the same amount of light and a greater depth of field? (list four ways).
f5.6 125
f8 60
f11 30
f16 15
f8 60
f11 30
f16 15
- Which would give you the same amount (as above) of light and allow you to create a blurred picture of a speeding car?
f4 1000
- Which shutter speed would give you the same amount of light (as above, question 20) at f2.8?
f2.8 500
- On a shadowy area with a bright sky, how would you insure a correct exposure of a subject in shadow?
f8 at 250
- (4 p)Which is a better setting, f4 at 1/60, or f 16 at 1/4 ? Say why.
f4 at 1 over 60 because it will be less blurry
- What does ISO refer to?
An indication of how sensitive film is to light
- What is a fast film and when should it be used?
A fast film is a high speed film that is more sensitive to light. It should be used in lower light levels.
- What is the major problem with fast films?
They might allow in too much light
- What are the three chemical steps used in printing a photograph?
Putting the paper exposed to the photograph in developer, then putting the paper in water to neutralize the effects of the developer, then putting the photograph into fixer
- List two (2 p) ways exposure is controlled in the darkroom.
Exposure is controlled in the darkroom through how much time the photograph is left in the developer and how much time the photograph is exposed in the enlarger.
- How is contrast manipulated in the darkroom?
Contrast is manipulated in the darkroom through the filter
2/3 proportion, probably 35 mm camera, telephoto lens or swift lens, black and white with low ISO film, probably taken with a tripod, probably taken on a cloudy day at either sunrise or sunset
Normal lens, weak wide angle, 4/3 proportion, decently large depth of field, probably large camera size
High contrast, the picture looks flat in the background, probably large camera size, most likely uses a tripod, slow shutter speed that is probably under 1/13, subjects were still, moderate wide angle, low ISO, black and white film
Weak wide angle lens, straight camera on a tripod, natural lighting, large camera, 4-5 in, long exposure, small diaphragm
Probably taken with a traditional digital camera, used a red filter to increase the drama of the clouds, wide angle, sunny day, high contrast paper, low ISO speed, camera could have been on a tripod, small diaphragm, extremely sharp
Natural lighting, normal lens, low ISO speed, small diaphragm, 2/3 proportion or medium sized camera with a cropped photograph
Moderate wide angle lens, higher ISO, underexposed, large aperture (5.6), 2/3 proportion
Normal lens, 4-5.6 diaphragm, 2/3 proportion, high ISO,
Wide angle, tripod, natural light, still subject, medium ISO, low contrast
Normal lens, open-medium diaphragm, natural light during the afternoon, normal shutter speed, low ISO
Gianni Berengo Gardin- Alexandra Madson
I chose the photographer Gianni Berengo Gardin. I love his work because each picture captures beautiful moments in time that are so often unnoticed. Each image appears to be taken candidly, yet perfectly captures the moment. He believes that the power of photography is in its adherence to reality, and strays away from modifying pictures in order to make them more aesthetically pleasing.
This picture appears to be using natural light on a cloudy day. The picture was probably taken on a weak telephoto lens with average shutter speed and aperture, possibly 125 and 8, as the subjects are kept fairly in focus.
1. Determine the aperture setting of the enlarger
2. Burn image to paper
3. Bring paper into developer, then water, then fixer, then wash, and let hang
2/3 proportion, probably 35 mm camera, telephoto lens or swift lens, black and white with low ISO film, probably taken with a tripod, probably taken on a cloudy day at either sunrise or sunset
Normal lens, weak wide angle, 4/3 proportion, decently large depth of field, probably large camera size
High contrast, the picture looks flat in the background, probably large camera size, most likely uses a tripod, slow shutter speed that is probably under 1/13, subjects were still, moderate wide angle, low ISO, black and white film
Weak wide angle lens, straight camera on a tripod, natural lighting, large camera, 4-5 in, long exposure, small diaphragm
Probably taken with a traditional digital camera, used a red filter to increase the drama of the clouds, wide angle, sunny day, high contrast paper, low ISO speed, camera could have been on a tripod, small diaphragm, extremely sharp
Natural lighting, normal lens, low ISO speed, small diaphragm, 2/3 proportion or medium sized camera with a cropped photograph
Moderate wide angle lens, higher ISO, underexposed, large aperture (5.6), 2/3 proportion
Normal lens, 4-5.6 diaphragm, 2/3 proportion, high ISO,
Wide angle, tripod, natural light, still subject, medium ISO, low contrast
Normal lens, open-medium diaphragm, natural light during the afternoon, normal shutter speed, low ISO
Gianni Berengo Gardin- Alexandra Madson
I chose the photographer Gianni Berengo Gardin. I love his work because each picture captures beautiful moments in time that are so often unnoticed. Each image appears to be taken candidly, yet perfectly captures the moment. He believes that the power of photography is in its adherence to reality, and strays away from modifying pictures in order to make them more aesthetically pleasing.
This picture appears to be using natural light on a cloudy day. The picture was probably taken on a weak telephoto lens with average shutter speed and aperture, possibly 125 and 8, as the subjects are kept fairly in focus.
This picture appears to be using natural light on a sunny day. It was most likely taken through a normal lens with a shutter speed of 250 and an aperture of 8.
This picture was probably taken on a wide angle lens because the subjects in the front appear to be bigger than the subjects in the back of the picture. It seems to have been taken in natural light later in the day and therefore with a faster shutter speed and larger aperture. There seems to be a large depth of field because everything is in focus.
The picture was taken in a normal lens with a natural light. It was most likely angled downward. It has a very slow shutter speed because the subjects, especially the girl jumping rope, are blurred. It is most likely a small aperture of 22.
This picture was possibly taken on a tripod. The subjects are very still and it was most likely take with a slow shutter speed and a small aperture. The camera used a normal lens and the picture was taken in natural light.
This picture was probably taken kneeling on the ground with a normal lens in natural light. The depth of field is large and it was probably take with a slow shutter speed and small aperture.
The Film Camera:
Shutter Speed: the effective length of time a camera's shutter is left open; total exposure is proportional to this time
Lens: the light-gathering device of the camera
Zoom Lens: a lens that allows a camera to change smoothly from a long shot to a close-up or vice-versa by varying the focal length
Aperture: the diaphragm in the lens; controls light and the depth of field.
Depth of Field: the range of distance that appears acceptably sharp.
Structure of Film:
1. Supercoat: layer of gelatin that protects the film
2. UV Absorbing Layer: protects image from exposure to UV light
3. Emulsion Layers: photographic part of the film
4. Yellow Filter: for colored film
5. Subbing Layer: helps in the adhesion of the emulsion to the film base
6. Film Base: supporting layer in film
7. Antihalation Backing: counteracts the curling of the film
The Chemicals:
1. Developer = roughly between 7-12 minutes
2. Stop Bath = 1 minute
3. Fixer = 5-10 minutes
4. Washers, Cleansers, Spot Removers = 20-30 minutes
5. Wetting Agent = 1 minute
6. Drying Period = 4-8 hours
The Print with the Multigrade System:
1. Determine the aperture setting of the enlarger
2. Burn image to paper
3. Bring paper into developer, then water, then fixer, then wash, and let hang
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