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35 mm film
artistic photograph
technical photograph
The diaphragm of a camera contains the aperture, which is the opening that allows light to enter the lens. The diaphragm was designed to block any extra light from entering the lens to prevent the film from being over exposed.
photo of New York City taken by Navid Baraty
I took this picture a few weeks ago of the Tiber River.
This photograph was taken by American photographer Ansel Adams. I chose this photograph because he transformed a simple rose into a work of art.
This photograph was taken by a British Magnum photographer Olivia Arthur. I picked this photograph because of the colors scheme. The sea compliments the colors of the sky. And the couple are wearing pretty neutral colors making the skyline very prominent.
example of depth of field
I took this picture of Myrtle Beach, North Carolina
Marilyn Silverstone
This is a photograph I took in my back yard of a sunset.
Kelvin Scale
MIDTERM QUESTIONS
Part I. Technical Review
(40 points)
Suppose your camera has the following settings:
aperture f1.8
f2.8 f4 f5.6
f8 f11 f16
f22
shutter B 1
2 4 8
15 30 60
125 250 500
1000
(It is a manual slr film camera with a 50mm 1:1.8 lens.)
Which f-stop allows the most light in?
1.8
Which allows the least?
22
Which will give the most depth of field?
1.8
What does depth-of-field mean?
DOF is the distance between the closest and furthest objects in a photograph
that appear clear and sharp in an image.
Where is the aperture diaphragm located?
The diaphragm is the opening within an aperture.
How is aperture measured?
Aperture size is expressed in f-numbers.
An f-number is the ratio of the len’s focal length and the diameter of
the diaphragm.
Which f-stop allows half the amount of light as f5.6?
4
Which allows twice the light as f5.6?
8
What does focal length refer to?
The distance between the lens and the image it forms on the film expressed in
millimeters
Besides aperture, what is another factor that affects depth
of field?
Focal Length and the distance the subject is to the camera
Where is the depth of field scale located (on a traditional
slr)?
on the lens of the camera
What is the shutter and what does it control?
shutter controls the amount of light that is allowed to pass into the camera
within a certain amount of time
How is shutter speed measured?
the fraction of a second that the shutter is open
Where is the shutter located?
Shutter location depends on the type of camera, but the most typical location
for a shutter is within a lens.
What kind of shutter speed is needed in low light
conditions?
slower shutter speed
What does “B” refer
to?
bulb, which keeps the shutter open for as long as the shutter release is held
What is the safest slow shutter speed without a tripod?
1/30
Which ss allows twice as much light as “60”(1/60)?
1/30
Which allows half as much light as “60”?
1/125
(4 points) On a given day, your camera gives you a correct
reading of f4 at 250. What other configurations would give you the
same amount of light and a greater depth of field? (list four ways).
f2.8 and 1/500
f5.6 and 1/125
f8 and 1/60
f11 and 1/30
Which would give you the same amount (as above) of light and
allow you to create a blurred picture of a speeding car?
f16 and 1/15
Which shutter speed would give you the same amount of light
(as above, question 20) at f2.8?
1/500
On a shadowy area with a bright sky, how would you insure a correct exposure of a
subject in shadow?
f11 and 1/250
(4 p)Which is a better setting, f4 at 1/60, or f 16 at 1/4 ? Say why.
f4 and 1/60, because f16 would create a very small diaphragm allowing a small
amount of light into the camera which contradicts the slow shutter speed that
would allow a larger amount of light into the camera.
What does ISO refer to?
the speed of the film
What is a fast film and when should it be used?
the fastest ISO is 1600, and should be used in low light, with a small aperture
of a faster shutter speed
What is the major problem with fast films?
fast films make really grainy photographs
What are the three chemical steps used in printing a
photograph?
film developer, stop bath, and film fixer
List two (2 p) ways exposure is controlled in the darkroom.
the time that the photograph paper is burned and aperture of the enlarger
How is contrast manipulated in the darkroom?
the filter used in the enlarger
35 mm camera
moderate wide angle lens
high ISO
artificial lighting-no flash
photographer was squatting-the vertical are perfectly aligned
5.6 diaphragm
under exposed
35 mm camera
natural light-no flash
low ISO
wide angle lens
photographer was standing
over exposed
35 mm camera
photographer was standing using a tripod
natural light from outside-no flash
normal lens
low ISO
diaphragm 11
35 mm camera
moderately sunny day-no flash
special lens for architecture
photographer was using a tripod on the ground
low ISO
35 mm camera
high ISO
telephoto lens
natural light
photographer was standing lower than the woman, looking upward
FINAL EXAM
UGO MULAS
Proportion: 2/3
Lens: normal
Diaphragm: small
Shutter speed: normal
Hand or Tripod: unknown
Angle of Camera: in line with subjects
Lighting: natural sun and shadow
Exposure Sensitivity: low ISO
Point of Focus: the man in the foreground of the photograph is the main focus. However, since his face is hidden by the shadow he creates a sense of mystery within the setting.
Grid: the angles created by the building and the shadow complement each other, and create strong lines. The tip of the shadow creates the center of the photograph.
Proportion: 1/1
Lens: normal
Diaphragm: medium
Shutter speed: normal
Hand or Tripod: unknown
Angle of Camera: in line with subject
Lighting: unknown
Exposure Sensitivity: high ISO
Point of Focus: man
Grid: the image in the background resembles a face, and these facial features are aligned with that of the man creating strong vertical lines.
e
Proportion: 2/3
Lens: wide angle
Diaphragm: medium
Shutter speed: normal
Hand or Tripod: unknown
Angle of Camera: above subjects
Lighting: natural (from window)
Exposure Sensitivity: high ISO
Point of Focus: group of people
Grid: the perspective of the windows create a grid that isn't exactly perpendicular. However, in this case it works because the people are not positioned in straight lines either. The strongest vertical is in the center of the photograph, the corner where the two walls meet.
Proportion: 2/3
Lens: telephoto
Diaphragm: medium
Shutter speed: normal
Hand or Tripod: unknown
Angle of Camera: in line with subjects
Lighting: artificial
Exposure Sensitivity:
Point of Focus: woman is main point of focus
Grid: the door frame creates strong vertical lines, and the table as well as the top of the door handles contribute to the horizontal grid.
Film is made up of layers.
1) gelatin: protects the emulsion layer
2) emulsion: capture image
3) substrate: adheres emulsion layer to film base
4) film base: support
5) backing: prevents film from curling
CHEMICALS
1) developer: made of sodium sulfite solution, this causes the silver in the emulsion layer that was exposed to light to turn dark
2) stop bath: made of acetic acid, this stops the reaction between the developer and the emulsion layer
3) fixer: made of sodium thiosulfate, used to remove any left over silver to make the film not sensitive to light
4) washer: used to remove excess chemicals and to prevent water spots
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