Cecilia

I took this picture in Cala Sabina, Sardinia, on the 1st of August 2012 during my birthday party.

FILM CAMERA

 

35mm FILM

 

HENRI CARTIER-BRESSON

These are some of my favorite pictures by Henri Cartier-Bresson, master of photography and father of modern photojournalism.

WHAT IS APERTURE?

The aperture is the hole situated in the lens of the camera that controls the amount of light that is allowed to reach the sensor. Certain modes on a camera allow the user to change the size of the aperture therefore changing how much light is allowed through.

Apertures are represented by a series of numbers called f-stops, and, in reverse of what you might think, the larger the number, the smaller the hole. For example, an f-stop of f/2.8 would represent a large aperture and an f-stop of f/32 would represent a small aperture.  Each subsequently higher f-stop number lets in half as much light as the previous number.

Aperture control is one of the most important factors in allowing photographers creative control because it determines the amount of depth-of-field. Depth-of-field refers to how much of the image is in sharp focus and which parts are not. The wider the aperture - ie the lower the f-stop number, the more light that is let in and the shallower the depth of field will be, i.e. the less of the image on either side of where you are focussing will be in focus. This is useful, for example, in portraits where you blur out the background so it doesn't distract from the subject. A smaller aperture makes the depth-of-field deeper, bringing more of the picture on either side of the point of focus, into sharp detail. This is useful for landscape shots, for example, where you would want as much of the picture in sharp focus as possible.

Berlin 2009

Tanzania 2007

ALEX WEBB

 

Haiti, 1987 Elections Day

Haiti, 1987

Haiti, 1987 Elections Day

Alex Webb is an American photojournalist and member of Magnum Photography. His reportages mainly focus on Thirld World countries events.

DEPTH OF FIELD

The depth of field (DOF) is the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image. Although a lens can precisely focus at only one distance at a time, the decrease in sharpness is gradual on each side of the focused distance, so that within the DOF, the un-sharpness is imperceptible under normal viewing conditions.

In some cases, it may be desirable to have the entire image sharp, and a large DOF is appropriate. In other cases, a small DOF may be more effective, emphasizing the subject while de-emphasizing the foreground and background. In cinematography, a large DOF is often called deep focus, and a small DOF is often called shallow focus.

Città Giardino, Rome 2012

Cora, Rome 2012

Part I. Technical Review   (40 points)

Suppose your camera has the following settings:

aperture f1.8  f2.8  f4  f5.6  f8  f11  f16  f22

shutter    B  1   2   4    8   15   30  60  125  250  500   1000

(It is a manual slr film camera with a 50mm 1:1.8 lens.)

1. Which f-stop allows the most light in? f1.8
2. Which allows the least? f22
3. Which will give the most depth of field? f22
4. What does depth-of-field mean? Is the distance between the nearest and farthest object in a scene

5. Where is the aperture diaphragm located? Inside the lens
6. How is aperture measured? Using the f-stops
7. Which f-stop allows half the amount of light as f5.6? f8
8. Which allows twice the light as f5.6? f4
9. What does focal length refer to? is the distance from the lens to the film when focused on a subject at infinity
10. Besides aperture, what is another factor that affects depth of field? focal length
11. Where is the depth of field scale located (on a traditional slr)? Close to the diaphragm
12. What is the shutter and what does it control? the shutter speed is a unit of measurement which determines how long the shutter remains open while the picture is being taken

13. How is shutter speed measured? is measured in fractions of second that goes from 1sec to 1/1000sec
14. Where is the shutter located? Behind the lens
15. What kind of shutter speed is needed in low light conditions? low shutter speed
16.  What does “B” refer to? B is the bulb that keeps the shutter open
17. What is the safest slow shutter speed without a tripod? less than 1/30
18. Which ss allows twice as much light as “60”(1/60)? 1/125
19. Which allows half as much light as “60”? 1/30
20. (4 points) On a given day, your camera gives you a correct reading of f4  at 250.  What other configurations would give you the same amount of light and a greater depth of field? (list four ways). f2 ss1/500 OR f5.6 ss 1/125 OR f8 ss 1/60 OR f11 ss 1/30 OR f16 ss 1/15

21. Which would give you the same amount (as above) of light and allow you to create a blurred picture of a speeding car? f4 ss 1/500 OR 1/1000

22. Which shutter speed  would give you the same amount of light (as above, question 20) at  f2.8? 1/500

23. On a shadowy area with a bright sky,  how would you insure a correct exposure of a subject in shadow? f11 OR f8 with 250 ss

24. (4 p)Which is a better setting, f4 at 1/60, or  f 16 at 1/4 ? Say why. f4 at 1/60 because otherwise objects would be too blurry

25. What does ISO refer to? ISO measures the film's sensitivity to the light
26. What is a fast film and when should it be used? Is a film highly sensitive to the light and should be used when we want grainy pictures as result

27. What is the major problem with fast films?

28. What are the three chemical steps used in printing a photograph? 2 minutes in the developer, then 30 seconds in water, and 2 minutes in the fixer

29. List two (2 p) ways exposure is controlled in the darkroom. the strength of the light and the amount of time the light goes out

30. How is contrast manipulated in the darkroom? through filters.

WRITE CAPTIONS UNDER EACH PICTURE (EXERCISE)

35mm camera, normal lens, taken during sunset, close diaphragm (the closer object is sharp and the background is blurry), medium-high ISO film, B&W.

 

35mm camera, normal lens, taken during sunset, open diphragm (the closer object is blurry and the background is sharp), medium-high ISO film, B&W.

During the process of developing the films, the water that is used during one of the three steps must be at 20 degrees.

35 mm film, moderate-wide angle, the photographer used a traditional lens and a tripod, close diaphragm, medium-long exposure, B&W.

35 mm film, normal lens, taken during day, strong natural light, medium-close diaphragm (the closer object is sharp and the background is blurry), medium-high ISO film, Color.